Kita telah mengetahui bersama, di dalam Aqidah Ahlussunnah diterangkan bahwa seorang muslim mukallaf wajib mengimani adanya sifat wajib bagi Allah subhanahu wata’ala. Hal ini dijelaskan di kitab Ummu al-Barahin karya Imam Sanusi, bahwa setiap orang mukallaf diwajibkan untuk mengetahui sifat yang wajib, muhal, dan jaiz bagi Allah subhanahu wataala.
Adapun Sebagian sifat wajib bagi Allah Ta’ala adalah 20 sifat; wujud qidam, baqa,…, Mutakalliman. Maka seorang mukallaf wajib mengimani adanya sifat wajib bagi Allah 20 tadi.
Akan tetapi, banyak kita temui beberapa pihak yang salah dalam memahami konsep sifat wajib 20 bagi Allah. Mereka beranggapan bahwa sifat wajib 20 itu adalah bentuk pembatasan sifat bagi Allah. Lalu, apakah benar 20 sifat wajib bagi Allah adalah konsep yang membatasi sifat-sifat bagi Allah?
Pasti kita semua sepakat bahwa Allah wajib mempunyai sifat kesempurnaan, keagungan, dan kemuliaan tanpa ada batasan baginya. Dan tidak ada kekurangan sedikit pun bagi dzat, sifat, maupun af’al-nya Allah subhanahu wataala. Adapun sifat yang disebutkan yang berjumlah 20 sifat itu adalah sifat-sifat inti, bukan pembatasan bagi Allah. Ketika kita mengimani sifat 20 ini maka otomatis sifat sifat Allah yang lain – yang tidak terbatas jumlahnya – akan diimani juga.
Seperti contoh dalam rangkaian al – Asma’ al – Husna ditemukan sifat Allah sebagai al-Razzaq (maha pemberi rezeki), al-Hadi (maha pemberi petunjuk), al-Muhyi (maha pemberi kehidupan), dan lain – lain. Tanpa menyebutkan semua sifat diatas, cukup kita mengimani sifat Qudrah, maka secara otomatis semua sifat itu sudah tercakup di dalamnya. Karena tak mungkin Allah bisa memberi rezeki, memberi petunjuk, maha menghidupkan, dan lain lain, kecuali dengan adanya kuasa yang dimilikinya. Dengan demikian, mengimani sifat Qudrah (kuasa) dapat menghantarkan kita untuk mengimani sifat – sifat Allah yang lain. Inilah yang dimaksud dengan sifat inti itu.
Maka dapat kita pahami bahwa 20 sifat yang dikonsepkan oleh Aqidah Ahlus Sunnah Waljamaah ini bukan dalam bentuk pembatasan sifat bagi Allah, akan tetapi sebagian sifat Allah – termasuk sifat inti – yang dapat menghantarkan ke sifat sifat lain yang tak terbatas jumlahnya itu.
Hal ini juga dijelaskan oleh Imam Muhammad bin umar di kitab Syarah ala al-Aqidah al-Sughro (Ummu al-Barahin) sebagai berikut:
قوله: ((فمما يجب لمولانا جل وعز عشرون صفة)). اعلم أن الذي يجب له تعالى من الكمالات ما لا نهاية لها، ولم يكلفنا الشرع بمعرفتها، فلو كلفنا بها لكان من تكليف ما لا يطاق، وهو منفي منا بفضل الله تعالى، قال جل من قائل: ﴿لَا يُكَلِّفُ اللهُ نَفْسًا إلَّا وُسْعَهَاَ﴾(2)، معناه: إلا ما في طاقتها بحسب العادة، وإنما كلفنا ببعض ما يجب له تعالى. ولهذا قال المؤلف رحمه الله: ((فمما يجب لمولانا»، أي: ((فمن بعض ما يجب))، ولم يقل: فالذي يجب
Artinya: “Ketahuilah bahwa sifat kesempurnaan yang wajib bagi Allah merupakan sifat yang tiada akhir jumlahnya (tidak terhitung). Dan syariat tidak membebankan kepada kita untuk mengetahui sifat–sifat itu (secara keseluruhan). Apabila syariat membebankan kita untuk mengetahuinya, maka termasuk dari pembebanan diluar batas kemampuan hamba. Dan hal ini dinafikan/ditiadakan dari kita sebab fadhol dari Allah subhanahu wa taala.”
Allah berfirman “Allah tidak membebani seseorang melainkan sesuai dengan kesanggupannya”. Artinya: kecuali sesuai dengan kadar kemampuan untuk mengetahui sifat tersebut dalam kadar adatnya. Maka kita hanya dibebani untuk mengetahui sebagian sifat wajib bagi Allah. Karena ini muallif atau pengarang kitab (Imam as-Sanusi) mengatakan “sebagian dari sifat wajibnya Allah yaitu 20 sifat” bukan dengan redaksi “sifat wajib allah itu 20”.







3 thoughts on “Sifat Wajib 20 Bukan sebagai Pembatasan Sifat Bagi Allah”
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