Perkembangan zaman melaju cepat dengan teknologi dan ilmu pengetahuan membawa manusia pada kemajuan luar biasa di berbagai aspek kehidupan. Namun, dalam euforia modernitas dan postmodernitas, manusia justru dihadapkan pada kekosongan makna, alienasi, dan krisis spiritual. Di sinilah kritik terhadap modernitas memperoleh ruang, terutama dari para pemikir tradisionalis seperti Seyyed Hossein Nasr.
Modernisme, Postmodernisme, dan Krisis Spiritualitas
Modernisme adalah produk dari pencerahan (Enlightenment) Barat yang menekankan rasionalitas, sains, dan sekularisme. Dalam paradigma ini, agama dianggap sebagai residu masa lalu yang tidak lagi relevan untuk menjawab persoalan kehidupan modern.
Munculnya postmodernisme kemudian menjadi respon atas kegagalan proyek modernisme dalam membawa manusia pada kebahagiaan sejati. Postmodernisme mengkritik narasi besar (grand narrative) dan menawarkan pluralitas, dekonstruksi, serta relativisme sebagai prinsip dasar kehidupan kontemporer.
Namun, baik modernisme maupun postmodernisme menurut Nasr, gagal menangkap esensi terdalam dari eksistensi manusia, yaitu kebutuhan akan dimensi spiritual yang transenden. Krisis spiritual yang terjadi di era modern bukan hanya ditandai dengan menjauhnya manusia dari agama, tetapi juga dengan rusaknya hubungan manusia dengan alam, sesama, dan dirinya sendiri.
Kritik Seyyed Hossein Nasr terhadap Peradaban Modern
Seyyed Hossein Nasr mengawali kritiknya terhadap peradaban modern dengan menunjuk pada pemisahan antara ilmu dan spiritualitas. Menurutnya, ilmu modern telah kehilangan “hikmah” karena ia memisahkan pengetahuan dari Tuhan. Dalam bukunya Knowledge and the Sacred, Nasr menegaskan bahwa pengetahuan sejati adalah yang bersumber dari Yang Sakral (al-Muqaddas). Ilmu dalam pandangan Islam tidak pernah netral atau sekuler, tetapi selalu terkait dengan nilai-nilai metafisis dan spiritual.
Nasr juga menyoroti dampak dari sekularisasi modern yang mengikis nilai-nilai keilahian dalam kehidupan. Dalam The Need for a Sacred Science, ia menyerukan kembalinya ilmu pengetahuan yang bersifat sakral, yang menghormati tatanan kosmos sebagai manifestasi dari keagungan Tuhan.
Spiritualitas Islam sebagai Alternatif
Salah satu tawaran Nasr untuk mengatasi krisis spiritual adalah dengan kembali kepada ajaran-ajaran tradisional Islam yang sarat akan nilai-nilai metafisik. Dalam hal ini, tasawuf memegang peran penting. Nasr memandang tasawuf bukan sekadar ritual sufistik, tetapi sebagai jalan intelektual dan spiritual untuk menyucikan diri dan mendekatkan diri kepada Tuhan.
Selain itu, Nasr menekankan pentingnya menjaga adab dan tatanan kosmik. Spiritualitas Islam bukan hanya hubungan vertikal antara manusia dan Tuhan, tetapi juga mencakup hubungan horizontal dengan sesama dan alam. Ia juga menekankan pentingnya lingkungan hidup sebagai bagian dari tatanan spiritual yang harus dijaga. Maka, gerakan ekoteologi dalam Islam yang belakangan berkembang juga tak lepas dari pengaruh pemikiran Nasr.
Islam dan Tantangan Postmodernisme
Meskipun postmodernisme membuka ruang bagi pluralitas dan kritik terhadap modernitas, Nasr tetap melihatnya dengan hati-hati. Postmodernisme, menurutnya, belum cukup untuk mengembalikan manusia kepada Tuhan karena masih berpijak pada relativisme nilai yang dapat membahayakan kebenaran objektif dalam agama. Bagi Nasr, hanya melalui agama wahyu yang otentik dan tradisi spiritual yang hidup, manusia dapat menemukan kembali arah hidupnya.
Islam dalam konteks ini memiliki potensi besar untuk menjadi penuntun di tengah kebingungan era postmodern. Namun, hal ini hanya bisa terjadi jika umat Islam mampu menggali kembali khazanah spiritual dan intelektual yang selama ini tersimpan dalam tradisi klasik.
Penutup
Krisis spiritualitas di era modern dan postmodern bukan sekadar krisis agama, melainkan krisis kemanusiaan. Manusia kehilangan arah karena terenggut dari akar transendensinya. Seyyed Hossein Nasr hadir sebagai pemikir yang mengingatkan kita akan pentingnya memulihkan hubungan manusia dengan Sang Ilahi.
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